Unsafe storage of household medicines: results from a cross-sectional study of four-year-olds from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort (Brazil).

BACKGROUND: Unintentional child poisoning represents a significant public health problem across the globe, placing a substantial burden on health services emergency departments. Around the world, every year, thousands of children die as a result of physical injuries, most of which involve children under 5 years old. Medicines are the main products involved in poisoning, and children under 5 years old are the most vulnerable age group. The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of unsafe storage of medicines in households with a 4-year-old child. METHODS: We used data from the follow-up of 4-year-old in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study in Brazil (N = 3799). "Unsafe storage" was considered present when medicines were stored unlocked and within reach of children (at a height below the eye level of the average adult). Independent variables included maternal and family socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and the child's health care. All information was collected during household interviews with the mothers using a standardized questionnaire. The overall prevalence rate with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and the prevalence associated with various independent variables were determined. RESULTS: The storage of medicines in unlocked areas was reported by 80.9% of the mothers, and, within reach of children for 26.5%. The overall prevalence rate of unsafe storage of medicines was 21.4% (20.1-22.7%). The main storage locations used were the kitchen (57.0%) and bedroom (53.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that medicines were unsafely stored in a 21.4% number of homes, which can contribute to the vulnerability of children to poisoning from medicines. To minimize this risk, education about the safe storage of medicines should be reinforced by health professionals.

[Physical activity, screen time, and use of medicines among adolescents: the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study]. / Atividade física, tempo de tela e utilização de medicamentos em adolescentes: coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 1993.

This study aimed to evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between physical activity, screen time, and use of medicines among adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study, followed at 11 (N = 4,452), 15 (N = 4,325), and 18 years of age (N = 4,106). The study recorded the use of medicines in the previous 15 days, continuous use of some medication, level of physical activity (by questionnaire and accelerometry), and screen time (TV, computer, and videogame). One-third of adolescents had used at least one medicine in the previous 15 days and approximately 10% were on some continuous medication. In the adjusted analysis, the results showed that higher levels of physical activity at 18 years and less screen time at 15 years in boys were associated with lower overall use of medicines (p < 0.05). For boys, physical activity at 11 and 18 years were inversely related to continuous medication (p < 0.05). More physically active boys and those with less screen time in adolescence showed lower use of medicines at 18 years of age.

Atividade física, tempo de tela e utilização de medicamentos em adolescentes: coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 1993 / Physical activity, screen time, and use of medicines among adolescents: the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study / Actividad física, tiempo de visualización de pantallas y consumo de medicamentos en adolescentes: estudio de cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 1993

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar associações transversais e longitudinais entre atividade física, tempo de tela e uso de medicamentos em adolescentes da coorte de nascidos em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 1993, acompanhados aos 11 anos (N = 4.452), 15 anos (N = 4.325) e 18 anos (N = 4.106). Foram mensurados o uso de medicamentos nos últimos 15 dias, o uso contínuo de algum medicamento, o nível de atividade física (questionário e por acelerometria) e o tempo de tela (TV, computador e videogame). Um terço dos adolescentes usou, pelo menos, um medicamento nos últimos 15 dias, e, aproximadamente, 10% fizeram uso de algum medicamento de uso contínuo. Na análise ajustada, os resultados indicaram que níveis mais altos de atividade física aos 18 anos e menor tempo de tela aos 15 anos, entre os meninos, estiveram associados a frequências inferiores de uso global de medicamentos (p < 0,05). Também, para os meninos, a atividade física aos 11 e 18 anos associou-se inversamente ao uso contínuo de medicamentos (p < 0,05). Meninos mais ativos e com menor tempo de tela na adolescência apresentam menor uso de medicamentos aos 18 anos.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between physical activity, screen time, and use of medicines among adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study, followed at 11 (N = 4,452), 15 (N = 4,325), and 18 years of age (N = 4,106). The study recorded the use of medicines in the previous 15 days, continuous use of some medication, level of physical activity (by questionnaire and accelerometry), and screen time (TV, computer, and videogame). One-third of adolescents had used at least one medicine in the previous 15 days and approximately 10% were on some continuous medication. In the adjusted analysis, the results showed that higher levels of physical activity at 18 years and less screen time at 15 years in boys were associated with lower overall use of medicines (p < 0.05). For boys, physical activity at 11 and 18 years were inversely related to continuous medication (p < 0.05). More physically active boys and those with less screen time in adolescence showed lower use of medicines at 18 years of age.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar asociaciones transversales y longitudinales entre actividad física, tiempo de visualización de pantallas y consumo de medicamentos en adolescentes de la cohorte de nacidos en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, en 1993, cuyo seguimiento se realizó a los 11 (N = 4.452), 15 (N = 4.325) y 18 años (N = 4.106). Se midió el consumo de medicamentos durante los últimos 15 días, el uso continuo de algún medicamento, el nivel de actividad física (cuestionario y por acelerometría) y el tiempo de visualización de pantallas (TV, computadora y videojuegos). Un tercio de los adolescentes consumió por lo menos un medicamento en los últimos 15 días, y aproximadamente 10% hizo uso de algún medicamento de uso continuo. En el análisis ajustado, los resultados indicaron que niveles más altos de actividad física a los 18 años y menor tiempo de visualización de pantallas a los 15 años, entre los niños, estuvieron asociados a frecuencias inferiores de uso global de medicamentos (p < 0,05). También para los niños, la actividad física a los 11 y 18 años se asoció inversamente al uso continuo de medicamentos (p < 0,05). Los niños más activos y con un menor tiempo de visualización de pantallas en la adolescencia presentan un menor consumo de medicamentos a los 18 años.

Self-medication among adolescents aged 18 years: the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study.

PURPOSE: To estimate the point prevalence of self-medication among adolescents aged 18 years and to evaluate the type of drugs used (either over-the-counter or prescription drugs) and socioeconomic, health-related, and behavioral correlates of self-medication. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study. Data were obtained through the administration of a questionnaire to adolescents aged 18 years. The outcome variables were point prevalence of medicine use and self-medication collected by self-report. The independent variables studied were gender, continuous medicine use, socioeconomic status, schooling, self-rated health, body mass index, and physical activity levels. Medicines were classified into therapeutic groups according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system. RESULTS: A total of 4,106 adolescents were interviewed. The point prevalence of medicine use was 41.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.6-42.6), and the proportion of self-medication among medicine users was 65.1% (95% CI 62.8-67.4). The point prevalence of self-medication was 26.7% (95% CI 25.4-28.1), and it was higher among female adolescents, those more educated, and those who rated their health as poor. Out of the drugs used for self-medication (58% of all drugs used), 1,003 (78.7%) were nonprescription drugs and 271 (21.3%) were prescription drugs. The most frequently used drugs for self-medication were analgesics (56.1%), systemic antihistamines (7.4%), and anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products (7.1%). CONCLUSIONS: A high point prevalence of self-medication was found among adolescents, which is particularly concerning due to high use of prescription drugs for self-medication. Interventions are needed to promote rational use of medicines in this population.

Rational use of medicines: prescribing indicators at different levels of health care

This multicenter study aimed to investigate prescribing patterns of drugs at different levels of health care delivery in university-affiliated outpatient clinics located in eight cities in the South and Midwest of Brazil. All prescriptions collected were analyzed for various items, including WHO prescribing indicators. A total of 2,411 prescriptions were analyzed, and 469 drugs were identified. The number of drugs prescribed per encounter, the frequency of polypharmacy, and the percentage of encounters with at least one injection or antibiotic prescribed were higher in centers providing primary health care services, compared to those where this type of care is not provided. Most drugs (86.1%) were prescribed by generic name. In centers with primary health care services, drug availability was higher, drugs included in the National and Municipal Lists of Essential Medicines were more frequently prescribed, and patients were given more instructions. However, warnings and non-pharmacological measures were less frequently recommended. This study reveals trends in drug prescribing at different levels of health care delivery in university-affiliated outpatient clinics and indicates possible areas for improvement in prescribing practices.

Este estudo multicêntrico teve como objetivo investigar o padrão de prescrição de medicamentos para pacientes ambulatoriais atendidos em serviços de saúde vinculados a universidades com diferentes níveis de atenção, em oito cidades do sul e centro-oeste do Brasil. As prescrições coletadas foram submetidas à análise de diversos itens, incluindo os indicadores de prescrição propostos pela OMS. No total, 2.411 prescrições foram analisadas e 469 medicamentos foram identificados. O número de medicamentos prescritos por consulta, a frequência de polifarmácia e a porcentagem de consultas com pelo menos um medicamento injetável ou um antimicrobiano prescrito foram maiores em centros de saúde que ofereciam cuidados de atenção básica, em comparação com aqueles que não dispunham desse tipo de atendimento. A maioria dos medicamentos foi prescrita pelo nome genérico (86,1%). Em unidades com cuidados de atenção básica, a acessibilidade foi maior, a prescrição de medicamentos presentes nas Listas Nacional e Municipais de Medicamentos Essenciais foi mais frequente e instruções foram fornecidas aos pacientes mais comumente. Entretanto, advertências e medidas não farmacológicas foram indicadas com menor frequência. Este estudo revela tendências de prescrição de medicamentos em serviços de saúde ligados a universidades, com diferentes níveis de atenção, e indica possíveis áreas de melhoria na prática da prescrição.

[Affordability and availability of drugs for treatment of chronic diseases in the public health care system]. / Capacidade aquisitiva e disponibilidade de medicamentos para doenças crônicas no setor público.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the affordability by workers of drugs used for treatment of chronic diseases, as well as the availability of the reference, similar, or generic forms of these drugs in the public health care system. METHODS: We employed the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International (HAI) for the standardized collection of information on selling prices in the private sector and availability in the public health care system of drugs in six cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected from November 2008 to January 2009. Affordability was estimated as the number of salary days required for a worker receiving the national minimum wage to buy, in a private pharmacy, the amount of medication required for one month of treatment. Availability was assessed by the presence of these drugs in public health care system facilities. RESULTS: Twenty-two public facilities and 30 private pharmacies were studied. Of 21 drugs used for the treatment of seven chronic disorders, only nine were available free of charge in the six cities. Mean availability ranged from 83.3% (São Leopoldo) to 97.6% (Caxias do Sul). Affordability ranged from 0.4 to 10.5 salary days for reference drugs, 0.2 to 8.4 salary days for similar drugs, and 0.3 to 3.8 salary days for generic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The overall availability of the drugs surveyed was higher than the 80% recommended by WHO. However, some treatments were not available, or had limited availability in the public system. Concerning affordability, the number of salary days required to buy these drugs may affect the continuation of drug treatments for chronic diseases.

Capacidade aquisitiva e disponibilidade de medicamentos para doenças crônicas no setor público / Affordability and availability of drugs for treatment of chronic diseases in the public health care system

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade aquisitiva do trabalhador para pagar medicamentos utilizados no tratamento de doenças crônicas e a disponibilidade desses medicamentos na forma de referência, similar ou genérica para fornecimento gratuito no setor público. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se metodologia preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e Health Action International (HAI) para coleta padronizada de informações sobre preços de venda no setor privado e disponibilidade no setor público de medicamentos em seis cidades do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu de novembro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009. A capacidade aquisitiva foi estimada como o número de dias do salário que um trabalhador com rendimento de 1 salário mínimo nacional necessita trabalhar para adquirir, em uma farmácia privada, a quantidade necessária de medicamento para 1 mês de tratamento. A disponibilidade foi avaliada verificando-se a presença dos medicamentos nas farmácias do setor público. RESULTADOS: A pesquisa incluiu 22 estabelecimentos públicos e 30 farmácias privadas. Dos 21 medicamentos utilizados no tratamento de sete doenças crônicas, apenas nove eram disponibilizados gratuitamente nos seis municípios pesquisados. O percentual médio da disponibilidade variou de 83,3 por cento (São Leopoldo) a 97,6 por cento (Caxias do Sul). A capacidade aquisitiva variou de 0,4 a 10,5 dias de salário para medicamentos de referência; de 0,2 a 8,4 dias de salário para medicamentos similares; e de 0,3 a 3,8 dias de salário para medicamentos genéricos. CONCLUSÕES: A disponibilidade geral dos medicamentos pesquisados foi superior aos 80 por cento recomendados pela OMS; porém, alguns tratamentos não estavam disponíveis, ou apresentaram uma disponibilidade limitada no setor público. A capacidade aquisitiva dos trabalhadores nos municípios estudados indicou um comprometimento de dias do salário que pode afetar a continuidade dos tratamentos com medicamentos para doenças crônicas.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the affordability by workers of drugs used for treatment of chronic diseases, as well as the availability of the reference, similar, or generic forms of these drugs in the public health care system. METHODS: We employed the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International (HAI) for the standardized collection of information on selling prices in the private sector and availability in the public health care system of drugs in six cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected from November 2008 to January 2009. Affordability was estimated as the number of salary days required for a worker receiving the national minimum wage to buy, in a private pharmacy, the amount of medication required for one month of treatment. Availability was assessed by the presence of these drugs in public health care system facilities. RESULTS: Twenty-two public facilities and 30 private pharmacies were studied. Of 21 drugs used for the treatment of seven chronic disorders, only nine were available free of charge in the six cities. Mean availability ranged from 83.3 percent (São Leopoldo) to 97.6 percent (Caxias do Sul). Affordability ranged from 0.4 to 10.5 salary days for reference drugs, 0.2 to 8.4 salary days for similar drugs, and 0.3 to 3.8 salary days for generic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The overall availability of the drugs surveyed was higher than the 80 percent recommended by WHO. However, some treatments were not available, or had limited availability in the public system. Concerning affordability, the number of salary days required to buy these drugs may affect the continuation of drug treatments for chronic diseases.

Use of medicines with unknown fetal risk among parturient women from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort (Brazil).

BACKGROUND: To estimate the exposure to medicines with unknown fetal risk during pregnancy and to analyze the maternal characteristics associated with it. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 4,189 mothers of children belonging to the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study about use of any medicine during gestation. We evaluated the associations between use of medicines with unknown fetal risk and the independent variables through logistic regression models. Unknown fetal risk was defined as medicines in which studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the fetus, and no controlled studies in women, or studies in women and animals, are available. RESULTS: Out of the 4,189 women, 52.5% used at least one medicine from unknown fetal risk. Use of these medicines was associated with white skin color, high schooling, high income, six or more antenatal care consultations, hospital admission during pregnancy, and morbidity during gestation. CONCLUSION: The use of unknown fetal risk medicines is high, suggesting that their use must be addressed with caution with the aim of restricting their use to cases in which the benefits are greater than the potential risks.

Household expenditures for medicines and the role of free medicines in the Brazilian public health system.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate, across different socioeconomic groups, the proportion of household medicine expenses that were paid by households and the proportion paid by the Brazilian national health system. METHODS: We carried out a survey in Porto Alegre, Brazil, that included 2988 individuals of all ages. We defined 2 expenditure variables: "out-of-pocket medicines value" (the sum of retail prices of all medicines used by family members within the previous 15 days and paid for out of pocket) and "free medicines value" (a similar definition for medicines obtained without charge). RESULTS: In 2003, the Brazilian national health system provided, free of charge, 78% of the monetary value of medicines reported (79% in the bottom wealth quintile and 32% in the top 2 quintiles). The mean out-of-pocket expense for medicines was 6 times greater among the top wealth quintiles compared with those in lower quintiles, but free medicines constituted a 3-times-greater proportion of potential expenditures for medicines among the bottom quintile than among the top 2 quintiles. CONCLUSIONS: Free provision of medicines seems to be saving substantial amounts of medicine expenditures for poor people in Brazil.

[Adherence to essential medicines in cities from three Brazilian states]. / Adesão a listas de medicamentos essenciais em municípios de três estados brasileiros.

This study compared the Municipal Essential Medicines Lists (REMUME) and examined adherence by prescribers and availability of essential medicines in the health units affiliated with the Unified National Health System (SUS). Data were collected on lists and medicines prescribed to 2,411 patients enrolled consecutively in primary or secondary care services in Brazilian municipalities. Of 5,222 prescribed medicines, 76.4% were present on the REMUME, 76.8% on the National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME), and 63% on the World Health Organization (WHO) list. Among the most frequently prescribed medications, one or more did not belong to the respective REMUME. Of all medicines prescribed, 76.1% were available in the inspected facilities; for essential medicines, the availability increased to 88.1%. Prescription in disagreement with the REMUME may result from the unavailability of medicines in the inspected facilities or the lists' inadequacy for the level of care.

Adesão a listas de medicamentos essenciais em municípios de três estados brasileiros / Adherence to essential medicines in cities from three Brazilian states

Este estudo comparou as Relações Municipais de Medicamentos Essenciais (REMUME), analisou a adesão dos prescritores e a disponibilidade de medicamentos essenciais em unidades de saúde vinculadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foram coletados dados sobre as REMUME e os medicamentos prescritos a 2.411 pacientes arrolados consecutivamente em oito serviços de atenção primária ou secundária de municípios da região centro-sul do país. A disponibilidade dos medicamentos foi verificada por meio da existência de estoque na farmácia. De um total de 5.222 medicamentos prescritos, 76,4 por cento constavam nas REMUME, 76,8 por cento na Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (RENAME) e 63 por cento na lista da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Entre os medicamentos mais prescritos, um ou mais não pertenciam às respectivas REMUME. Do total de medicamentos prescritos, 76,1 por cento estavam disponíveis nos locais pesquisados; entre os medicamentos essenciais, a disponibilidade aumentou para 88,1 por cento. A prescrição em desacordo com as REMUME pode ser resultado da indisponibilidade dos medicamentos nos locais investigados ou da inadequação das listas frente ao nível de complexidade da atenção.

This study compared the Municipal Essential Medicines Lists (REMUME) and examined adherence by prescribers and availability of essential medicines in the health units affiliated with the Unified National Health System (SUS). Data were collected on lists and medicines prescribed to 2,411 patients enrolled consecutively in primary or secondary care services in Brazilian municipalities. Of 5,222 prescribed medicines, 76.4 percent were present on the REMUME, 76.8 percent on the National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME), and 63 percent on the World Health Organization (WHO) list. Among the most frequently prescribed medications, one or more did not belong to the respective REMUME. Of all medicines prescribed, 76.1 percent were available in the inspected facilities; for essential medicines, the availability increased to 88.1 percent. Prescription in disagreement with the REMUME may result from the unavailability of medicines in the inspected facilities or the lists' inadequacy for the level of care.

Diagnosis of the availability and use of drug information sources in drugstores and pharmacies in southern Brazil / Diagnóstico da disponibilidade e da utilização de fontes de informação sobre medicamentos em drogarias e farmácias no sul do Brasil

This research has aimed to estimate the use of drug information sources by pharmacists in drugstores and pharmacies in southern Brazil. It consisted of sending a questionnaire through regular mail, contacting the pharmacist via phone and visiting the drugstores. Four hundred and eight (68.6 percent) of the 595 enrolled establishments answered the questionnaire. The information at pharmacies and drugstores is searched mainly to orient the patient. At drugstores the professionals have an average of 2.3 books, whereas at pharmacies they rely on 6.1. In a pharmacy, the chance to find more than five books is 27 times higher than in a drugstore. The more often available books are pharmaceutical specialties compendiums. There is access to Internet in 87.5 percent of pharmacies and 59 percent of drugstores. The National Agency of Health Surveillance webpage is the most accessed website, and the call centers of Pharmaceutical Companies are the most searched information service. Lack of time is the main alleged difficulty for searching information. The pharmacists working in the studied establishments miss appropriate drug information sources. Taking into consideration how important information is in the pharmaceutical practice, there is a need to emphasize this subject through an educative process, during undergraduate studies and continued education.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever a utilização de fontes de informação em drogarias e farmácias no sul do Brasil. A mesma consistiu do envio do questionário pelo correio, contato com farmacêuticos por telefone e visita aos estabelecimentos. A resposta foi obtida em 408 (68,6 por cento) dos 595 estabelecimentos amostrados. A informação nas farmácias e drogarias é buscada, principalmente, para orientar o paciente. O profissional tem, em média, 2,3 livros nas drogarias e 6,1 nas farmácias. Em uma farmácia, a chance de se encontrar mais de cinco livros corresponde a 27 vezes aquela em uma drogaria. Os bulários são os livros mais frequentemente disponíveis. Há acesso à Internet em 87,5 por cento das farmácias e em 59 por cento das drogarias, sendo a chance de uma farmácia ter este recurso, cinco vezes maior que aquela em uma drogaria. A página da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária é a mais acessada e o Serviço de Atendimento ao Consumidor das Companhias Farmacêuticas, o serviço de informação mais consultado. A falta de tempo é a principal limitação da busca de informação. O farmacêutico nos estabelecimentos pesquisados é carente de fontes adequadas de informação. Considerando a importância da informação na prática farmacêutica, é necessário enfatizar o tema utilizando um processo educativo no período de formação e em atividades de atualização.

Validação da prescrição oncológica: o papel do farmacêutico na prevenção de erros de medicação / Validation of the oncology prescription: the pharmacist's role in preventing medication errors

Erros de medicação são constantemente relatados na literatura médico-científica. Há casos clínicos em que a administração inadequada de doses altas de alguns citostáticos tem como consequência a toxicidade grave e a morte do paciente. As não conformidades presentes nas prescrições aos pacientes oncológicos podem ser catastróficas em função da estreita margem terapêutica dos medicamentos antineoplásicos. Prevenir erros de medicação torna-se uma prioridade na melhora do processo farmacoterapêutico em pacientes da oncologia. A multidisciplinaridade é um fator essencial de alerta aos erros de medicação de antineoplásicos e às maneiras de preveni-los. Os farmacêuticos e todos os profissionais que constituem uma equipe multidisciplinar de saúde contribuem para garantia do uso seguro dos medicamentos, o que auxilia no aprimoramento de uma assistência qualificada. Para isso, além das atividades já bem estabelecidas, esses profissionais devem (i) implantar um sistema de validação farmacêutica bem como (ii) estabelecer um sistema de verificação da prescrição médica, o qual consiste em diferentes etapas. O objetivo dessa revisão é relatar a validação da prescrição médica, considerando-se os erros de medicação na quimioterapia e o papel do farmacêutico na prevenção desses erros. São medidas que visam a melhorar a qualidade da assistência prestada aos pacientes oncológicos.

Medication errors have been frequently reported in the literature. There have been several clinical cases in which the improper administration of high doses of some cytostatics resulted in serious toxicity and patient’s death. Nonconformities in oncology patients’ prescriptions can lead to serious problems due to the narrow therapeutic range of antineoplastic drugs. Preventing medication errors has become a priority on improving the pharmacotherapeutic process in oncology patients. The presence of a multidisciplinary staff is an important instrument to improve awareness of medication errors and to prevent them. Pharmacists and other health providers that participate in the multidisciplinary team contribute to ensure the safe use of medications and to improve the delivery of quality care. In addition to their well established activities these professionals should: (i) set up a pharmaceutical validation system and (ii) establish a prescription verification system including several checkpoints. The objective of this review of the literature is to report on prescription validation, considering some chemotherapy medication errors and the pharmacist’s role in preventing them. These measures are aimed at improving the quality of the care provided to oncology patients.

Adverse drug reactions: a cohort study in internal medicine units at a university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are important causes of hospitalization, morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. In addition to the impact they have on human life, they also significantly influence health costs. This study intended to (1) identify suspected ADRs and establish their frequency of development, (2) establish a causal relationship with the suspected drug(s) and (3) verify if there is an association between the development of an ADR and factors such as age, gender, number of diagnoses and number of prescribed medications. METHODS: This cohort study considered hospitalized patients at five inpatient internal medicine units in a university hospital located in southern Brazil. Patients were intensively monitored in order to identify suspected ADRs during hospitalization. The types of reactions were classified and a causal relationship was established using an algorithm. RESULTS: The cohort study followed 333 patients and approximately 43% of them presented at least one suspected ADR. Three hundred and sixty suspected ADRs were identified, with 19.7% manifesting before the patient was admitted and 80.3% during hospitalization. Medications that were most commonly involved in these suspected cases were anti-infectious agents followed by drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS). The follow-up length and number of medications in use were independent risk factors for the development of an ADR. The same relationship was not observed for age, gender and number of diagnoses. CONCLUSION: ADRs are a major problem in our setting and measures must be adopted to minimize them.